Herramientas de corte para optimizar parámetros de clasificación de especies maderables con redes neuronales convolucionales / Cutting tools to optimize classification parameters of timber species with convolutional neural networks

Introducción: La gran diversidad de especies maderables tropicales demanda el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de identificación con base en sus patrones o características anatómicas. La aplicación de redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN) para el reconocimiento de especies maderables tropicales se ha incrementado en los últimos años por sus resultados prometedores. Objetivo: Evaluamos la calidad de las imágenes macroscópicas con tres herramientas de corte para mejorar la visualización y distinción de las características anatómicas en el entrenamiento del modelo CNN. Métodos: Recolectamos las muestras entre el 2020 y 2021 en áreas de explotación forestal y aserraderos de Selva Central, Perú. Luego, las dimensionamos y, previo a la identificación botánica y anatómica, las cortamos en secciones transversales. Generamos una base de datos de imágenes macroscópicas de la sección transversal de la madera, a través del corte, con tres herramientas para ver su rendimiento en el laboratorio, campo y puesto de control. Resultados: Usamos tres herramientas de corte para obtener una alta calidad de imágenes transversales de la madera; obtuvimos 3 750 imágenes macroscópicas con un microscopio portátil que corresponden a 25 especies maderables. El cuchillo ''Tramontina'' es duradero, pero pierde el filo con facilidad y se necesita una herramienta para afilar, el cúter retráctil ''Pretul'' es adecuado para madera suave y dura en muestras pequeñas de laboratorio; el cuchillo ''Ubermann'' es apropiado para el campo, laboratorio y puesto de control, porque tiene una envoltura duradera y láminas intercambiables en caso de pérdida de filo. Conclusiones: La calidad de las imágenes es decisiva en la clasificación de especies maderables, porque permite una mejor visualización y distinción de las características anatómicas en el entrenamiento con los modelos de red neuronal convolucional EfficientNet B0 y Custom Vision, lo cual se evidenció en las métricas de precisión.

Introduction: The great diversity of tropical timber species demands the development of new technologies capable of identifying them based on their patterns or anatomical characteristics. The application of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the recognition of tropical timber species has increased in recent years due to the promising results of CNNs. Objective: To evaluate the quality of macroscopic images with three cutting tools to improve the visualization and distinction of anatomical features in the CNN model training. Methods: Samples were collected from 2020 to 2021 in areas of logging and sawmills in the Central Jungle, Peru. They were later sized and, after botanical and anatomical identification, cut in cross sections. A database of macroscopic images of the cross-section of wood was generated through cutting with three different tools and observing its performance in the laboratory, field, and checkpoint. Results: Using three cutting tools, we obtained high quality images of the cross section of wood; 3 750 macroscopic images were obtained with a portable microscope and correspond to 25 timber species. We found the ''Tramontina'' knife to be durable, however, it loses its edge easily and requires a sharpening tool, the ''Pretul'' retractable cutter is suitable for cutting soft and hard wood in small laboratory samples and finally the ''Ubermann'' knife is suitable for use in the field, laboratory, and checkpoint, because it has a durable sheath and interchangeable blades in case of dullness. Conclusion: The quality of the images is decisive in the classification of timber species, because it allows a better visualization and distinction of the anatomical characteristics in training with the EfficientNet B0 and Custom Vision convolutional neural network models, which was evidenced in the precision metrics.

A Parametric Study of Optimum Road Modular Hinged Frames by Hybrid Metaheuristics.

This paper addresses a study of cost-optimal road modular hinged frames. The performance of three hybrid metaheuristics is assessed through a fractional factorial design of experiments. The results allow for selecting and calibrating the hybrid simulated annealing to solve the combinatorial optimization problem. By varying the horizontal span from 8 to 16 meters and the earth cover from 1 to 5 meters, 25 different structural configurations are studied. The calibrated methodology is applied to obtain nine different frames with optimal costs for each configuration. The study of the economic, environmental and geometrical characteristics of the 225 optimum structures allows for the development of a regression analysis. With R2 correlation coefficients close to the unit, the expressions form a valuable tool for calculating the final cost, associated emissions, embodied energy and particular geometric characteristics. The optimum structures present slender and densely reinforced designs. In addition, some structures show considerable reductions in the shear reinforcement, something solved by localized increases in longitudinal reinforcement.

Fitness cost conferred by the novel erm(51) and rpoB mutation on environmental multidrug resistant-Rhodococcus equi.

Rhodococcus equi is a common cause of severe pneumonia in foals. Emergence of macrolide-resistant R. equi isolated from foals and their environment has been reported in the United States. A novel erm(51) gene was recently identified in R. equi in soil from horse farms in Kentucky. Our objective was to determine the effect of the erm(51) gene and associated rpoB mutation on the fitness of multidrug resistant-R. equi (MDR-R. equierm(51)+, rpoB+) under different nutrient conditions. Bacterial growth curves were generated for 3 MDR-R. equierm(51)+, rpoB+ isolates and 3 wild-type (WTN) R. equi isolates recovered from environmental samples of farms in central Kentucky. Growth was measured over 30.5 h in brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), minimal medium (MM), and minimal medium without iron (MM-I). All isolates had significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth in BHI compared to either MM or MM-I. MDR-R. equierm(51)+, rpoB+ exhibited significantly lower growth compared to WTN isolates in BHI (nutrient-rich condition), but not in either MM or MM-I (nutrient-restricted conditions). This study indicates that under nutrient-rich conditions fitness of MDR-R. equierm(51)+, rpoB+ is reduced relative to susceptible isolates; however, under nutrient-restricted conditions MDR-R. equierm(51)+, rpoB+ isolates grow similarly to susceptible isolates. These findings indicate that MDR-R. equierm(51)+, rpoB+ might be outcompeted by susceptible isolates in nature when practices to reduce antimicrobial pressure, such as reducing antimicrobial use in foals, are implemented. But it also raises the concern that these resistant genotypes might persist in the environment of horse-breeding farms in the face of selective pressures such as antimicrobials or nutrient restriction.

Systemic proliferative arteriopathy and hypophysitis in a cow with chronic ovine herpesvirus 2-induced malignant catarrhal fever.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a severe, systemic, lymphoproliferative disease affecting domestic ruminants, caused by a group of MCF viruses in the genus Macavirus. Infection of cattle and bison with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV2) is economically significant in North America. Sheep are the reservoir host of the virus, and only rarely manifest disease. Cattle and bison, however, frequently have lymphoproliferation, mucosal ulceration, and systemic vasculitis. OvHV2-induced MCF in cattle and bison is often fatal, with clinical recovery reported only rarely. Chronic cases are uncommon, but vascular changes of variable severity and ocular lesions have been described. Here we present a case of chronic MCF in a cow with proliferative arteriopathy, systemic vasculitis, and OvHV2-associated hypophysitis. We demonstrated OvHV2 nucleic acid in affected tissues with in situ hybridization.

Optimal Design of Sustainable Reinforced Concrete Precast Hinged Frames.

Sustainable development requires improvements in the use of natural resources. The main objective of the present study was to optimize the use of materials in the construction of reinforced concrete precast hinged frames. Proprietary software was developed in the Python programming language. This allowed the structure's calculation, verification and optimization through the application of metaheuristic techniques. The final cost is a direct representation of the use of materials. Thus, three algorithms were applied to solve the economic optimization of the frame. By applying simulated annealing, threshold accepting and old bachelor's acceptance algorithms, sustainable, non-traditional designs were achieved. These make optimal use of natural resources while maintaining a highly restricted final cost. In order to evaluate the environmental impact improvement, the carbon-dioxide-associated emissions were studied and compared with a reference cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame. The results showed designs with reduced upper slab and lateral wall depth and dense passive reinforcement. These were able to reduce up to 24% of the final cost of the structure as well as over 30% of the associated emissions.

Validación al español del instrumento Self-Administered Patient Satisfaction Scale (SAPS) para reemplazo total de cadera o de rodilla / Validation of the spanish version of the self-administered patient satisfaction scale (sAPs) for total hip and knee arthroplasty

Introducción: La satisfacción del paciente es un indicador importante al evaluar los resultados clínicos de un reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar al idioma español el instrumento Self-Administered Patient Satisfaction Scale (SAPS) para reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla, y estudiar sus propiedades psicométricas. materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de validación de corte transversal para evaluar el contenido, la consistencia interna y la validez de criterio de la SAPS. Se incluyó a 105 pacientes con reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla. La validez de criterio fue valorada con las escalas WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) y SF-36 (36-Item Short Form Survey). Resultados: Se analizó a 50 pacientes con reemplazo total de cadera y 55 con reemplazo total de rodilla y una mediana de seguimiento de 14 meses (rango intercuartílico, 11-19), con una edad de 71.3 ± 11.6 años; 73,3% (77) eran mujeres. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,797 indicando una consistencia interna aceptable. La correlación entre las escalas SAPS y WOMAC fue moderada (coeficiente de Spearman 0,488; p <0,05), al igual que con el componente físico de la SF-36 (coeficiente de Spearman 0,525; p <0,05). Conclusión: La versión en español de la SAPS es una herramienta válida y confiable para medir el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes sometidos a reemplazo total de cadera o rodilla, tiene propiedades psicométricas similares a las de la escala original. Nivel de Evidencia: II

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is an important parameter when evaluating clinical outcomes after total hip (THA) or knee (TKA) arthroplasty. The objective of this work was to validate the Spanish version of the Self-Administered Patient Satisfaction scale (SAPS) for THA or TKA, as well as to study its psychometric properties. materials and methods: A cross-sectional validation study was carried out to evaluate the content, internal consistency, and criterion validity of the SAPS scale. A total of 105 subjects who were treated with THA or TKA were included. Criterion validity was assessed with the WOMAC scale (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and SF-36 (Short Form 36 Health Survey). Results: Fifty patients undergoing THA and 55 undergoing TKA were analyzed at a median follow-up of 14 months (Interquartile range, 11-19) after surgery, with a mean age of 71.3 ± 11.6 years; 73.3% (77) were women. Cronbach's alpha was 0.797, indicating an acceptable internal consistency. A moderate correlation was found between the SAPS scale and the WOMAC scale (Spearman's coefficient: 0.488, p <0.05), as well as with the physical component of the SF-36 (Spearman's coefficient: 0.525, p <0.05). Conclusion: The Spanish version of the SAPS scale is a valid and reliable tool to measure patient satisfaction after THA or TKA, with psychometric properties similar to those of the original scale. Level of Evidence: II

Diagnóstico clínico de COVID-19 con pruebas moleculares negativas consecutivas / Clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with consecutive negative molecular tests

Resumen Una de las dificultades dentro de la pandemia actual por COVID-19 es la poca especificidad y sensibilidad de las pruebas diagnósticas. Distintas sociedades científicas han planteado algoritmos diagnósticos que incluyen pruebas moleculares, síntomas clínicos, pruebas de laboratorio e imágenes. En nuestro medio se utiliza la prueba de RT-PCR, obtenida de lavado nasofaríngeo, aun conociendo sus limitaciones en términos de sensibilidad. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino a quien finalmente se le confirma el diagnóstico de COVID-19 a pesar de tener múltiples pruebas moleculares negativas previas.

Abstract One of the difficulties within the current COVID-19 pandemic is the lack of specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic tests. Different societies have proposed diagnostic algorithms that include molecular tests, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and diagnostic imaging. In our setting, we use the RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal lavage, even knowing its limitations in terms of sensitivity. In this article, we present the case of a male patient in whom COVID-19 is confirmed even after multiple negative molecular tests.

Manejo endovascular de desconexión tras reparación endovascular de aorta fenestrada / Endovascular management of a disconnected bridging stent during fenestrated endovascular aortic repair

Descripción de una complicación en una reparación de AAA con dispositivo anaconda fenestrada (Vascutek, Teru­mo(R)) por desconexión de stent renal en la que se plantearon estrategias de manejo para su corrección con un adecuado desenlace angiográfico y clínico

Description of complication in repair of AAA with fenestrated anaconda device (Vascutek Ltd./Terumo(R)), due to disconnection of renal stent where management strategies were proposed for its correction with an adequate angiographic and clinical outcome

Effect of gallium maltolate on a model of chronic, infected equine distal limb wounds.

Distal limb wounds are common injuries sustained by horses and their healing is fraught with complications due to equine anatomy, prevalence of infection, and challenges associated with wound management. Gallium is a semi-metallic element that has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties and aid in wound healing in various preclinical models. The effects of Gallium have not been studied in equine wound healing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare healing rates between gallium-treated and untreated wounds of equine distal limbs and to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of gallium on wounds inoculated with S. aureus. Using an established model of equine wound healing we demonstrated beneficial effects of 0.5% topical gallium maltolate on equine wound healing. Specifically we documented reduced healing times, reduced bioburden, and reduced formation of exuberant granulation tissue in wounds treated with gallium maltolate as compared with untreated wounds. Gallium appeared to exert its beneficial effects via its well-described antimicrobial actions as well as by altering the expression of specific genes known to be involved in wound healing of horses and other animals. Specifically, gallium maltolate appeared to increase expression of transforming growth factor-ß in both infected and un-infected wounds. Further work is needed to document the effects of gallium on naturally occurring equine wounds and to compare the effects of gallium with other wound treatment options. These data, however, suggest that gallium may be an attractive and novel means of improving equine distal limb wound healing.

Methodological design for the macro-location of a micropollutants monitoring network in tropical rivers: a case study in Cauca River.

Establishing scientifically the macro-location of a micropollutants monitoring network in tropical Andean rivers is a complex process, because information gathering is restricted by high-cost of analysis and limited availability of analytical techniques, which lead to inadequate sampling strategies that hinder the representativeness of samples. Thus, this work proposes a methodology for determining the number of representative sampling sections in a micropollutant monitoring network to characterise the ecological risk in tropical Andean torrential rivers. The proposed methodology consists of four stages: identification of the potential sampling units by Spline interpolation; calculation of the number of representative sections for a stratified sampling with an acceptable level of confidence and error; spatial allocation of the potential sampling units into sections by hierarchical cluster analysis; and representation of the spatial distribution of the sampling sections through a geographic information system (GIS). The proposed methodology is dynamic, and therefore, it can be revisited as more data are obtained in the subsequent years; it has the possibility of being applied to other inter-Andean valley rivers that interact with the tropical Andean sloppy mountains and serves as a tool for decision making by environmental authorities regarding the optimisation of the existing monitoring networks in terms of micropollutants to promote sustainable management of water resources. The proposed methodology is applied in the Upper Cauca River Basin (UCRB), which is located in southwest Colombia, South America.

First Report of an Urban Case of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Municipality of Cali, Colombia.

American visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia evansi phlebotomine sand flies. Dogs not only are the main host reservoirs of the parasite but also suffer the disease; therefore, canine VL (CVL) has assumed an important role in public health. In Colombia, human and CVL are restricted to two transmission foci: one in the north region (Caribbean coast) and other in the central south region (middle Magdalena River Valley). We present a CVL case involving a 2-year-old male dog with a history of lack of appetite, general weakness, and progressive loss of weight. A diagnosis of CVL was obtained using the direct parasitological examination in spleen and bone marrow samples stained with Giemsa and RT-qPCR. The infecting Leishmania species was identified as L. infantum by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism amplifying the Hsp70 gene from bone marrow and spleen samples and confirming by sequencing. The patient responded favorably to treatment with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks and oral allopurinol at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 12 hours until new indication. This is the first report of urban CVL in the city of Cali, Colombia, highlighting the need for surveillance and control programs in the municipalities of the department of Valle del Cauca, a region where VL has not been informed before. The findings also indicate the need to reinforce the surveillance programs in other rural and urban regions of the country where favorable eco-epidemiological conditions exist.

Relationship between Body Mass Index and Complications during the First 45 Days after Primary Total Hip and Knee Replacement: A Single-Center Study from South America.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and early complications of total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR). METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent primary THR and TKR between January 2011 and December 2015. We included patients between 18 and 90 years of age with BMI less than 40 kg/m2 with a minimal postoperative follow-up time of 45 days. The primary outcomes were the presence of infection, mechanical complications (dislocation, fractures, arthrofibrosis, or neuropraxia), and thromboembolic events. Overweight and obesity were defined as a BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2 and ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. RESULTS: In total 750 patients were included (THR, 268; TKR, 482) with a mean age of 65.0 ± 12.4 years. The percentage of patients with normal weight, overweight, and obesity was 24.9% (n = 187), 41.7% (n = 313), and 33.4% (n = 250), respectively. The early complication rate was 8.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.1% to 11.2%). Infection and mechanical complications were most prevalent. There was no statistically significant relationship between the incidence of complications and BMI (obesity vs. normal weight: hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% CI, 0.72 to 3.06; p = 0.282); however, there was a tendency toward a greater risk of infectious complications in the patients with obesity (HR, 6.08; 95% CI, 0.75 to 49.16; p = 0.090). Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had more risk of infectious complications than those without DM (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.00 to 6.79). CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistical relationship between BMI and early complications of THR and TKR. Nonetheless, there was a tendency toward a higher risk of infection in patients with some degree of obesity.

Accesos vasculares femoral y radial en intervenciones coronarias percutáneas en síndrome coronario agudo y enfermedad crónica inestabilizada / Radial and femoral vascular access in percutaneous coronary interventions in acute coronary syndrome and unstable chronic disease

Resumen La enfermedad cardiaca isquémica continúa siendo en la actualidad la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, pues genera más de 17.7 millones de decesos al año; específicamente, constituye alrededor del 30% de todas las causas de muerte en Colombia. Se han establecido diferentes estrategias de manejo que con el paso del tiempo han mostrado impacto en la disminución de la morbilidad y mortalidad por esta causa. La intervención coronaria percutánea es la que más se ha impuesto, y es en la actualidad la piedra angular para el tratamiento del síndrome coronario con o sin elevación del segmento ST. Existen diferentes sitios de acceso vascular; entre ellos los más destacados son la vía femoral y la radial. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia actual con base en estudios prospectivos y meta-análisis sobre las complicaciones y el posible compromiso de la funcionalidad de las extremidades irrigadas por los diferentes vasos de acceso.

Abstract Ischaemic heart disease still continues to be the main cause of death worldwide. It causes 17.7 million deaths, and in particular it constitutes around 30% of all-cause mortality in Colombia. Different management strategies have been established that, over time, have shown an impact in the reduction in the morbidity and mortality by this cause. Percutaneous coronary intervention has been the most effective, and is currently the cornerstone for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome with or without ST segment elevation. There are different vascular accesses, with the main ones being the femoral or radial route. In this article, the current evidence is reviewed, based on prospective studies and meta-analyses on the complications and possible compromise of functionality of the limbs irrigated by the different access vessels.

Métodos diagnósticos en el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) / Diagnostic methods in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)

Resumen El síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño siempre requiere una evaluación médica completa y una confirmación del diagnóstico, así como la estimación de la severidad por medios diagnósticos. Ambas cosas se logran mediante el polisomnograma basal que monitoriza el sueño durante la noche. Este es un estudio estandarizado que necesita parámetros mínimos de calidad, los cuales deben cumplirse en todos los casos. El test de latencias múltiple de sueño también está estandarizado con el debido cuidado y su indicación es la cuantificación de la somnolencia diurna excesiva. Por su parte, el polisomnograma para titulación de presión positiva sobre la vía aérea permite hallar la presión terapéutica mínima, en la cual se corrigen los eventos respiratorios obstructivos. El polisomnograma de noche partida intenta mejorar la oportunidad de citas en los demás y trata de hacer los dos exámenes anteriores en una noche. No obstante, tiene sus limitaciones. Los estudios de sueño en casa se clasifican de acuerdo a su nivel de complejidad y atención. Estos buscan disminuir la oportunidad de citas y se consideran estudios de tamizaje o cribado. Además, el test de mantenimiento de la vigilia se usa para controlar las terapias enfocadas en mejorar la somnolencia diurna excesiva.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) requires a thorough medical evaluation and diagnosis confirmation, as well as the estimation of its severity using diagnostic means. These conditions are fulfilled by the basal polysomnogram, which monitors sleep throughout the night; this is a standardized study that requires minimum quality parameters that must be met in all cases. The multiple sleep latency test has been standardized with due care and is indicated for quantifying excessive daytime sleepiness. On the other hand, positive airway pressure titration by allows to find the minimum therapeutic pressure to correct all obstructive respiratory events. The split-night polysomnogram tries to improve appointment opportunities, which contrasts with the studies mentioned above, since both of them can be done in one night, although, it has its own limitations. Home sleep studies are classified according to their level of complexity and care; they seek to diminish the opportunity of appointments and are considered as screening studies. In addition, the psychomotor vigilance test is used to control therapies focused on improving excessive daytime sleepiness.

The multigenerational effects of water contamination and endocrine disrupting chemicals on the fitness of Drosophila melanogaster.

Water pollution due to human activities produces sedimentation, excessive nutrients, and toxic chemicals, and this, in turn, has an effect on the normal endocrine functioning of living beings. Overall, water pollution may affect some components of the fitness of organisms (e.g., developmental time and fertility). Some toxic compounds found in polluted waters are known as endocrine disruptors (ED), and among these are nonhalogenated phenolic chemicals such as bisphenol A and nonylphenol. To evaluate the effect of nonhalogenated phenolic chemicals on the endocrine system, we subjected two generations (F0 and F1) of Drosophila melanogaster to different concentrations of ED. Specifically, treatments involved wastewater, which had the highest level of ED (bisphenol A and nonylphenol) and treated wastewater from a constructed Heliconia psittacorum wetland with horizontal subsurface water flow (He); the treated wastewater was the treatment with the lowest level of ED. We evaluated the development time from egg to pupa and from pupa to adult as well as fertility. The results show that for individuals exposed to treated wastewater, the developmental time from egg to pupae was shorter in individuals of the F1 generation than in the F0 generation. Additionally, the time from pupae to adult was longer for flies growing in the H. psittacorum treated wastewater. Furthermore, fertility was lower in the F1 generation than in the F0 generation. Although different concentrations of bisphenol A and nonylphenol had no significant effect on the components of fitness of D. melanogaster (developmental time and fertility), there was a trend across generations, likely as a result of selection imposed on the flies. It is possible that the flies developed different strategies to avoid the effects of the various environmental stressors.

La tensión confianza/desconfianza entre lo académico y lo administrativo en la universidad / The Trust / Mistrust Tension between the Academy and the Management at University

La aparición de un escenario teleonómico como respuesta a la relación de los académicos y los administrativos universitarios, que es propiciada por una tensión confianza - desconfianza, que en la actualidad como diada polarizada no es explorada como oportunidad dialógica, sino como obstáculo de los intereses unívocos, tendría efecto sobre la relación de la universidad con la sociedad en la medida en que permitiría, también reconociendo otras tensiones, forjar una identidad en apertura de posibilidades en la que académicos y administrativos universitarios se vinculen a través de objetivos y propósitos.

The appearance of a teleonomic scenario as an answer to the relation between university academics and staff, which is brought about by a trust-mistrust tension, which currently, as a polarized dyad, is not explored as a dialogical opportunity, but as an obstacle of univocal interests, would have an effect on the relation between university and society, inasmuch as it would allow, recognizing other tensions, as well, to forge an identity in favor of the possibilities in which university academics and staff are part through objectives and purposes.

Remodelado estrcctural y de gap junctions en un modelo 3d de aurícula humana / Strctural remodeeling and of gap junctions in a 3d model of human atrial

Introducción: la fibrilación auricular (AF), es la más común de la arritmia cardiaca sostenida y un factor de riesgo para el accidente cerebro vascular y otras morbilidades, si no es tratada. Estudios epidemiológicos muestran que la AF tiende a perpetuarse con el tiempo, generando cambios electrofisiológicos y anatómicos denominados: remodelados auriculares. Se ha demostrado que estos cambios provocan variaciones de la velocidad de conducción (CV), en el tejido auricular. Objetivo: estudiar el efecto del remodelado de gap junctions en la propagación del potencial de acción, implementando un modelo 3D de aurícula humana altamente realista. Materiales y Métodos: se incorporaron los cambios generados por el remodelado eléctrico a un modelo de potencial de acción (AP) de miocito auricular, acoplado con un modelo tridimensional anatómicamente realista de aurícula humana dilatada. Mediante simulaciones de la propagación del AP en condiciones de remodelado eléctrico y anatómico, y de remodelado de gap junctions, se midieron las ventanas vulnerables de generación de reentradas en la base de las venas pulmonares izquierdas de la aurícula. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos indican que la ventana vulnerable en el remodelado de gap junctions, se desplazó 38 ms con relación al modelo dilatado, lo que nos muestra el impacto de la dilatación con remodelado de gap junction. Conclusiones: el remodelado eléctrico generó una disminución del 70 % en la duración del potencial de acción y una disminución de las velocidades de conducción entre un 14.6 y un 26 %, que fueron medidas en diferentes regiones de la aurícula dilatada. El foco disparado en la base de las venas pulmonares izquierdas, generó un frente de onda que mantiene una actividad reentrante debido a la anatomía subyacente de las venas pulmonares.

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a significant risk factor for cerebrovascular accident and other morbidities if left untreated. Epidemiological studies show that AF tends to persist over time, creating electrophysiological and anatomical changes called atrial remodeling. It has been shown that these changes result in variations in conduction velocity (CV) in the atrial tissue. Objective: to study the effect of remodeling of gap junctions in the propagation of the action potential by implementing a highly realistic 3D human atrial model. Materials and methods: the changes caused by electrical remodeling were incorporated in an atrial myocyte action potential (AP) model coupled with an anatomically realistic three-dimensional model of dilated human atria. Through simulations of the AP spread in variations of anatomical and electrical remodeling and of gap junctions remodeling, vulnerable windows of reentry generation were measured at the base of the atrium left pulmonary veins. Results: the results obtained indicate that vulnerable window in the gap junctions remodeling moved 38 ms in relation with the expanded model which shows the impact of the dilatation gap junction remodeling. Conclusions: the electrical remodeling produced 70% decrease in action potential duration and decreased conduction velocities between 14.6 and 26 %, which were measured in different regions of the dilated atrium. The focus shot at the base of the left pulmonary veins created a wave which maintains a reentering activity due to the underlying anatomy of the pulmonary veins.

Trece registros nuevos de Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) para el departamento de Vichada, Orinoquia Colombiana / Thirteen new records of Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) for the department of Vichada, Colombian Orinoquia

Se informa el primer hallazgo de Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newstead, 1922), L. bettinii Feliciangeli, Ramírez-Pérez & Ramírez, 1988, L. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942), L. yuilli Young & Porter, 1972, L. saulensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944), L. runoides (Fairchild & Hertig, 1953), L. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940), L. claustrei Abonnenc, Leger & Fauran, 1979, L. walkeri (Newstead, 1914), L. preclara Young & Arias, 1984, L. (geniculata) sp., L. (squamiventris) sp., y L. (Evandromyia) sp., en el departamento de Vichada, Colombia. También se confirma la presencia de L. antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) y L. aragaoi (Costa Lima, 1932) en este departamento. Los flebotomíneos fueron recolectados en los municipios de Puerto Carreño, Cumaribo, y La Primavera, con trampas de luz tipo CDC, trampa Shannon y atrayente humano, y mediante búsqueda activa en lugares de reposo. Se discute la importancia epidemiológica de estas especies de flebotomíneos en relación con la leishmaniosis cutánea.

Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newstead, 1922), L. bettinii Feliciangeli, Ramírez-Pérez & Ramírez, 1988, L. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942), L. yuilli Young & Porter, 1972, L. saulensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944), L. runoides (Fairchild & Hertig, 1953), L. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940), L. claustrei Abonnenc, Leger & Fauran, 1979, L. walkeri (Newstead, 1914), L. preclara Young & Arias, 1984, L. (geniculata) sp., L. (squamiventris) sp., and L. (Evandromyia) sp., are recorded for the first time in the department of Vichada, Colombia. In addition, the presence of L. antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) and L. aragaoi (Costa Lima, 1932) in this department is confirmed. Sand flies were collected in the municipalities of Puerto Carreño, Cumaribo, and La Primavera, using CDC light traps, Shannon trap, and human bait, and by active search in resting places. The epidemiological importance of these sand fly species is discussed in relation with the cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Primer informe de Lutzomyia França en el departamento de Guainía, Amazonia Colombiana, y de Brumptomyia mesai Sherlock (Diptera: Psychodidae) en el Litoral Caribe Colombiano / First Report of Lutzomyia França in the department of Guainía, Amazonian Colombia, and of Brumptomyia mesai Sherlock (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Colombian Caribbean Coast

Se registra por primera vez para el Departamento de Guainía, Colombia, la presencia del género Lutzomyia França de reconocida importancia médica. Los flebotomíneos se recolectaron mientras intentaban picar al humano en los alrededores del casco urbano del municipio de Inírida. Se identificaron taxonómicamente tres especies de Lutzomyia, incluidas L. davisi (Root), L. olmeca bicolor Fairchild & Theodor, y L. antunesi (Coutinho). Adicionalmente, Brumptomyia mesai Sherlock es citada por primera vez en el litoral Caribe Colombiano a partir de ejemplares colectados con una trampa de luz CDC modificada en la Reserva Forestal Protectora Serranía de Coraza y Montes de María, Departamento de Sucre.

This is the first record of the presence of the medically important genus Lutzomyia França in the Department of Guainía, Colombia. Sand flies were collected biting humans in the surroundings of the urban area of the Municipality of Inírida. Three Lutzomyia species were taxonomically identified as L. davisi (Root), L. olmeca bicolor Fairchild & Theodor, and L. antunesi (Coutinho). Additionally, Brumptomyia mesai Sherlock is cited for the first time in the Caribbean Coast of Colombia based on specimens collected with a modified CDC light trap in the Reserva Forestal Protectora Serranía de Coraza y Montes de María, Department of Sucre.

Tratamiento quirúrgico curativo de la fibrilación atrial mediante técnica de ablación con radiofrecuencia monopolar irrigada: resultados a corto y mediano plazo / Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation through irrigated ablation with monopolar radiofrequency: results to short and midterm

No existe una publicación colombiana con seguimiento a mediano plazo acerca del uso de esta técnica.Objetivo: evaluar el tratamiento quirúrgico de la fibrilación auricular a través de radiofrecuencia monopolar irrigada, mediante el seguimiento clínico, electrocardiográfico y ecocardiográfico a corto y mediano plazo. Métodos: entre septiembre de 2003 y octubre de 2005, se evaluaron de manera prospectiva, 70 pacientes con diagnóstico de fibrilación atrial y otra patología cardiaca que requería intervención quirúrgica. Se utilizó el sistema de ablación por radiofrecuencia monopolar Cardioblate (marca registrada) (Medtronic, Inc.). Los resultados se analizaron en un paquete estadístico SPSS versión 1...

There is not any publication about the use of this technique with midterm follow-up in Colombia.bjective: to evaluate the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation with the use of irrigated monopolar radiofrequency to short and midterm, through clinical follow-up, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram.Methods: 70 patients with diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and some other heart pathology that required surgery were evaluated between September 2003 and October 2005, in a prospective way. An ablation though monopolar radiofrequency (Cardioblate® Medtronic, Inc) was performed. Results were analyzed with the SPSS version 11, 0 statistical package. Results: 70 patients, 52% females and 48% males with mean age 54 years and preoperatory ejection fraction of 47% had mitral insufficiency (49%) and mitral stenosis (26%) as their main cause for primary heart surgery. 87% patients were evaluated at 18 months (3 to 25 months). Sinus rhythm was achieved in 88%. Residual arrhythmias in this group were atrial fibrillation (6%) and atrial flutter (6%). 80% of post-operatory arrhythmias were found in the first 15 days after surgery, being atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter the most common ones. Anticoagulation and anti-arrhythmic medication was suspended in 89% and 90% of the patients, respectively. The surgical technique had no inherent complications. Conclusions: this investigation demonstrated that the surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with irrigated monopolar radiofrequency is easily reproducible, highly effective and safe for the patient.